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Scandium
Electrons per shell 2,8,9,2
Electron Configuration [Ar] 3d1 4s2 open electron config
Ground state 2D3/2
Atomic Volume 15 cm3 mol-1
Electronegativity 1.36
Magnetic ordering No data
Mass magnetic susceptibility 8.8 x 10-8
Molar magnetic susceptibility 3.956 x 10-9
Thermal Properties
Enthalpy of Atomization 343 kJ mol-1 @25°C
Enthalpy of Fusion 15.9 kJ mol-1
Enthalpy of Vaporisation 376.1 kJ mol-1
Heat Capacity 25.52 J mol-1 K-1
Thermal Conductivity 15.8 W m-1 K-1
Thermal Expansion 10.2 μm m-1 K-1
Hardness
Brinell hardness 750 MPa
Elastic Properties
Bulk modulus 56.6 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.279
Shear modulus 29.1 GPa
Young's modulus 74.4 GPa
Electrical Properties
Electrical resistivity 5.5 x 10-7 Ω m
Electrical conductivity 0.0177 106/cm Ω
Chemical Properties
Electrochemical Equivalent 0.55914 g Ah-1
Electron Work Function 3.5 eV
Valence Electron Potential (-eV) 58
Ionization Potential  
First 6.54
Second 12.8
Third 24.76
Energy Levels
Kα1 (intensity 100) 4.0906 KeV
Kα2 (intensity 50) 4.0861 KeV
Kβ1 (intensity 20) 4.4605 KeV
Lα1 (intensity 100) 0.3954 KeV
Lα2 (intensity 10) 0.3954 KeV
Lβ1 (intensity 20) 0.3996 KeV
Lβ3 (intensity 4) 0.458 KeV
Lβ4 (intensity 4) 0.458 KeV
Lγ3 (intensity 70) 0.353 KeV
Ll (intensity 200) 0.348 KeV
Atomic Radii
Empirical 160 pm
Bohr Radius 184 pm
Covalent Radius 144 pm
Van der Waals No data.
Triple covalent 114 pm
Metallic 162 pm
Oxidation States
Main Sc+2, Sc+3
Other
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1) show graph
M - M+ 631
M+ - M2+ 1235
M2+ - M3+ 2389
M3+ - M4+ 7089
M4+ - M5+ 8844
M5+ - M6+ 10720
M6+ - M7+ 13320
M7+ - M8+ 15310
M8+ - M9+ 17369
M9+ - M10+ 21740
Vapour Pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1K 10K 100K
T (K) 1645 1804 (2006) (2266) (2613) (3101)
Crystal Structure
Structure Hexagonal close packed
a = 330.9 pm
b = 330.9 pm
c = 527.33 pm
α = 90°
β = 90°
γ = 120°